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Substance over Form: Supreme Court Clarification on Creation of Permanent Establishment in Cross-Border Services

The question of whether cross-border services rendered by foreign entities would establish a taxable presence in India has been subject to nuanced scrutiny. In a recent ruling,[1] the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India (“SC”) has reaffirmed that economic substance (not legal form) is the crucial factor for determining whether a foreign entity exercises substantive control over Indian operations to constitute a permanent establishment (“PE”) in India.

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Treading a fine line: Extension is ultra-vires but valid?

Summary: This blog examines the ongoing judicial debate surrounding extensions of GST limitation periods in the wake of the pandemic and subsequent systemic challenges. It outlines the decision of the Hon’ble Madras High Court, which set aside Notification No. 56/2023 issued under Section 168A of the CGST Act, extending timelines for recovery orders for FY 2017-18, 2018-19, and 2019-20. The blog notes how this position differs from those adopted by the Hon’ble Guwahati, Telangana, and Bihar High Courts on the same matter, addresses the possible need for intervention by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, and outlines considerations for taxpayers.

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Global Business, Local Tax: The Infosys GST Controversy and its Wider Implications

In an increasingly globalised economy, business activities extend beyond physical borders and traverse geographical boundaries, leading to varied tax implications due to outdated tax legislations that do not fully address these changes. In the service sector, tax obligations can arise even without traveling to different countries. A case in point is the recent incident of the revenue serving Infosys with a INR 32,403 crore (US$ 3.8 Billion) pre-show cause notice, which was later transferred to the Directorate General of GST Intelligence (“DGGI”) for further investigation. Prima facie, the tax assessment seemed not only excessive but also conceptually flawed, as it exceeded the annual profit declared by Infosys. The DGGI later withdrew the said notice. While the dust has settled on this high-stakes incident, the lessons may reverberate across India, particularly for multinational service providers. The questions raised during the investigation will have lasting significance and warrant consideration, extending beyond a single company or tax notice.

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Debunking taxation of cloud services as royalty 

Businesses are increasingly integrating cloud computing models into their operations, necessitating unambiguity regarding the position of tax leviable on such transactions under the Income-Tax Act, 1961 (“IT Act”), and tax treaties. Uniformity in the tax treatment of cross-border cloud computing models has become crucial for these businesses to plan their operations and tax costs effectively. A long-standing subject of scrutiny has been whether to consider the taxation of payment for cross-border cloud services as “royalties” or “fee for technical services” (“FTS”)/ “fee for included services” (“FIS”). However, in recent rulings, Indian courts have affirmed that such standardised services would not be liable to income tax in India.

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Delhi ITAT delivers one of the first decisions dealing with Principal Purpose Test

The principal purpose test (“PPT”) has been introduced into the Indian double taxation avoidance agreement (“DTAA”) lexicon through the base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) project of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) to dissuade sophisticated taxpayers from entering into transactions aimed at tax avoidance. The requisite amendments to the DTAAs have been made via multilateral instruments (“MLIs”).

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Time bound adjudication by revenue authorities: A distant dream or plausible reality?

In a tax system as vast and complex as India’s, time-bound adjudication is not merely a procedural ideal, it is also an essential pillar that promotes ease of doing business, upholds taxpayer trust, promotes administrative efficiency, and sustains the integrity of revenue collection. On the other hand, persistence of cases where adjudication lingers for a decade or more raises troubling questions.

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From courtrooms to clicks: Rethinking why simple GST rectifications require Court intervention

The Goods and Services Tax (“GST”) regime was introduced with the promise of a seamless, technology-driven tax system aimed at reducing cascading effects and ensuring smooth compliance. However, after seven years of its introduction, businesses and taxpayers have found themselves burdened with the rigidity of a tax regime, which makes the subsequent correction of even the smallest of clerical errors in returns quite difficult and requires litigation to have them rectified.

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AMT: Does It Impose Additional Taxes Under Income Tax Bill, 2025?

Background

The Alternate Minimum Tax (“AMT”) has its genesis in the Minimum Alternate Tax (“MAT”), which was introduced to ensure that taxes were paid by even those companies that intended to avoid payment of taxes by engaging in ingenuous tax planning methods despite having earned significant amount of book profits. These companies, called “zero-tax companies”, while reporting significant book profits, paid minimal or no income tax by leveraging various exemptions and deductions available under the Income Tax Act, 1961 (“IT Act”).

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Revolutionising Import Clearance: The 2025 Customs (On-Arrival Movement for Storage and Clearance at Authorised Importer Premises) Regulations, 2025

Background

The government has implemented various measures to promote the growth of India’s manufacturing sector, such as the Production Linked Incentive schemes that were announced for the electronic industry under the Make in India initiative. It has also taken several steps to smoothen and fast track the import process, through digitalisation and faceless assessments. However, some issues remain.

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GST liability on the benefits arising out of land: The conundrum continues

The applicability of Goods and Services Tax (“GST”) on various land-related rights has been a subject of ongoing debate, leading to uncertainty for businesses, developers, and policymakers. While the GST framework seeks to tax the supply of goods and services, transactions involving land and immovable property present unique challenges due to their distinct legal nature.

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